The Allegory of the Cave appears in Plato’s Republic and compares the effect of education and the lack of it on human nature. It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother and Socrates, who tells of people that have been chained to the wall of a cave their whole lives. They see shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them. Socrates explains that the philosopher is like a prisoner who has escaped the cave and realizes that the shadows on the wall a...

John Bunyan’s book ‘The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come’ is regarded as one of the most important works of religious literature in English. In this Christian allegory, the devout everyman Christian abandons the City of Destruction and sets off to find salvation. He meets characters like Worldly Wiseman and Goodwill, is beset by trials like the monster Apollyon and the giant Despair as he journeys through the Slough of Despond, the Delectable Mountains, and the ...

‘The Awakening’ is an 1899 novel by Kate Chopin set in New Orleans and the Gulf coast at the end of the 19th century. It is widely seen as a seminal work of early feminism which put the spotlight on women's issues. The story is about Edna Pontellier, the wife of a New Orleans businessman, who falls in love with Robert Lebrun, a man she meets at a resort on the Gulf of Mexico. When the family returns to New Orleans, Edna isolates herself from society and withdraws from some of the duties cu...

"Give me liberty, or give me death!" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry, from his speech to the Second Virginia Convention on 23 March, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. Henry spoke without notes, and no transcript of his exact words have survived. The only known version of his speech was reconstructed in the early 1800s by William Wirt, a biographer who corresponded with various attendees of the convention.

Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine, was published anonymously in 1776, six months before the Declaration of Independence. It is an impassioned call for America to free itself from British rule and set up an independent republican government. Paine criticised hereditary kingship and urged his adopted country to embrace personal freedom and social equality.

‘Religio Medici: The Religion of a Doctor’ (1643) by Sir Thomas Browne is an explanation and analysis of the author’s religious belief in relation to his profession as a medical doctor. As such, it is a spiritual testament and a psychological self-portrait based on the Christian virtues of faith, hope and charity. In the preface, Browne explains that his text is not a scholarly work, requesting that it be approached by a mind informed by faith and open to accepting his self-exploration. Th...

‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ is told by an unnamed narrator who tries to convince the reader of the narrator’s sanity while simultaneously describing a murder they committed. The narrator's guilt feelings result in hearing a rhythmic thumping sound, which the narrator interprets as the victim's beating heart.

Stanley Edward Lane-Poole (1854 - 1931) was a British orientalist and archaeologist. ‘The Moors in Spain’ is a comprehensive history about the Moorish conquest and rule of the Iberian Peninsula, until the Spanish took back the land. It includes chapters on the last Visigothic kingdom, El Cid and the fall of Granada.

'Ethan Frome' is a 1911 book by Edith Wharton, set in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. In this haunting tale, Wharton’s characters are not of the upper class, but ordinary townsfolk. The prologue opens with an unnamed male narrator who’s spending a winter in Starkfield while on business, describing a limping man with a compelling demeanor. The narrative is characterized by frequent flashbacks, and mainly involves Ethan’s sickly wife, Zeena, and Mattie, a cousin who helps t...

‘Heart of Darkness’, the famous novella by Joseph Conrad, first published in 1902, reveals the disgust at the cruelty that the author observed when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo. Although no territory is named in the text, the story is based on a journey that Conrad took up the Congo River in 1890, during King Leopold II of Belgium’s abusive rule of the area. The main narrative follows the journey of the ferry-boat captain Marlow in his job as an ivory transporter on the river. Ma...

‘Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe’, published in 1861, is the third novel by George Eliot, the pen name of Mary Anne Evans. The seemingly simple story of the weaver Silas Marner deals with issues like community, industrialisation and positive transformation, in sophisticated and engaging ways. Silas, a weaver in a city in the north of England, is falsely accused of theft and cast out by his circle of friends. He moves to a city in the Midlands where he lives as a loner for many years. H...

Besides the boy Mowgli, the characters are animals or rather human archetypes in animal form. The stories, set in a forest in India, have themes like abandonment followed by fostering, law and freedom, respect and obedience.