Aristotle's "Posterior Analytics" is a cornerstone of epistemology and scientific methodology, delving into the nature of knowledge and the principles of demonstration. Through a rigorous exploration of syllogistic reasoning, Aristotle outlines the foundational elements of scientific knowledge, distinguishing between what is known and how it is known. His analytical style reflects the systematic clarity typical of his works, embodying the transition from pre-Socratic inquiry to a more form...

In "Posterior Analytics," Aristotle intricately explores the nature of scientific knowledge and the principles of demonstrative reasoning. The work is a cornerstone of his epistemological inquiries, illustrating his belief in empirical observation as the foundation of knowledge acquisition. Written in a dialectical style characteristic of Aristotelian logic, the text examines the relationship between thought and reality, presenting a rigorous framework through which one can attain certain ...

Previous knowledge is required for all scientific studies or methods of instruction. Examples from Mathematics, Dialectic and Rhetoric. Previous knowledge as variously expressed in theses concerning either the existence of a thing or the meaning of the word denoting it. Learning consists in the conversion of universal into particular knowledge. All communications of knowledge from teacher to pupil by way of reasoning pre-suppose some pre-existing knowledge. The truth of this statement may ...

A true classic of twentieth-century literature, this edition has been updated by Fitzgerald scholar James L.W. West III to include the author’s final revisions and features a note on the composition and text, a personal foreword by Fitzgerald’s granddaughter, Eleanor Lanahan—and a new introduction by two-time National Book Award winner Jesmyn Ward.The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s third book, stands as the supreme achievement of his career. First published in 1925, this quint...

The Origin of Species is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the and his ...

The Sophist is one of the late Dialogues of Plato, which was written much later than the Parmenides and the Theaetetus, probably in 360 BC. After he criticized his own Theory of Forms in the Parmenides, Plato proceeds in the Sophist with a new conception of the Forms, more mundane and down-to-earth, and makes more clear the epistemological and metaphysical puzzles of the Parmenides; thus, he refers to that dialogue between Parmenides and young Socrates, which was written probably much earl...

Aristotle's Poetics aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (covering the lyric, the epos, and the drama). Aristotle attempts to explain 'poetry' through 'first principles' and by discerning its different genres and component elements. His analysis of tragedy constitutes the core of his discussion. Aristotle's Poetics is universally acknowledged in Western critical tradition. Excerpted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

(The) Apology (of Socrates) is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he defends himself against the charges of being a man "who corrupted the young, did not believe in the gods, and created new deities". "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of speaking in defense of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions. Excerpted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Physics (or "Physica", or "Physicae Auscultationes" meaning "lessons") is a key text in the philosophy of Aristotle. It inaugurates the current Andronichean order, the long series of Aristotle's physical, cosmological and biological works, and is preliminary to them. This collection of treatises or lessons deals with theoretical, methodological, and philosophical concerns, rather than physical theories or contents of particular investigations. It sets the basis for the scientist to study t...

Metaphysics is one of the principal works of Aristotle and the first major work of the branch of philosophy with the same name. The principal subject is "being qua being," or being insofar as it is being. It examines what can be asserted about anything that exists just because of its existence and not because of any special qualities it has. Also covered are different kinds of causation, form and matter, the existence of mathematical objects, and a prime-mover God.The Metaphysics is...

Edited by Richard McKeon, with an introduction by C.D.C. ReevePreserved by Arabic mathematicians and canonized by Christian scholars, Aristotle’s works have shaped Western thought, science, and religion for nearly two thousand years. Richard McKeon’s The Basic Works of Aristotle—constituted out of the definitive Oxford translation and in print as a Random House hardcover for sixty years—has long been considered the best available one-volume Aristotle. Appe...