This paper explores aspects of inequality in Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC. This millennium was the era of early cities, which were accompanied by expanded hierarchies of power, new social identities, and innovative modes of working and labour management. Selected types of material culture–statues, amulets, eye idols, clay cone mosaics and bevelled-rim bowls– are explored. Their frequency, quality, raw materials, production and use contexts have a range of implications with rega...

In the 4th millennium BC, Mesopotamia witnessed the world’s first urban settlements and associated economic and political complexities. However, the burial practices of this period are poorly known, leaving a gap in our reconstruction of the social implications of this important transition. The funerary traditions of the preceding and succeeding 5th and 3rd millennium BC in Mesopotamia are well-known, but there does not appear to be a continuum of practice across the intervening millennium...

Remember trying to learn a language at school? Remember trying to get your head around conjugating verbs? Past tense, present tense, present participle, imperfect subjunctive? Yes, that's right, it was all mind numbing. Language is not about perfect grammar. Language is about communication.We teach you the way your learnt English, by learning simple words which you then put together to communicate a simple message.Thousands of our language ebooks are sold each year.Why...

The #1 bestselling chapter book series of all time celebrates 25 years with new covers and a new, easy-to-use numbering system! Getting the facts behind the fiction has never looked better. Track the facts with Jack and Annie!!When Jack and Annie got back from their adventure in Magic Tree House #3: Mummies in the Morning, they had lots of questions. Why did people make mummies? What was the mysterious writing on mummy cases? How did most ancient Egyptians spend their days...

Sumerians were the ?rst people to write. Using a sharp three-cornered stylus, they wrote on claysmall wedge-shapes called cuneiform. With writing, Sumerians turned the corner from prehistory to history! After at least two million years of humans telling stories, the Sumerians introduced literacy.Most civilizations passed down their heritage through orally recited traditionsstories were passed from one generation to another by word of mouth. The Sumerians were the ?rst to write down...

Morocco is a country rich in culture and history. Nothing compares to its beautiful scenery, which includes everything from white sandy beaches of Tangier and Casablanca to the majestic Atlas Mountains.From my recent trip to this enchanting country in North Africa I've learned to appreciate Morocco's past, besides get a taste of life here. This article also contains photos, traveling tips and life in modern Morocco. Come with me as we visit the cities of Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakes...

Horemheb ruled Egypt after Tutankhamun, and was fundamental in bringing Egypt back to the rich and powerful nation it was before Akhenaten took the throne. Rather than simply clearing up the mess left behind after the Amarna period, he lay the foundations for the kings who were to come, and his choice of heir to the throne, led eventually to the rule of Ramses II, one of the most famous kings in Egyptian history.This book puts Horemheb in his rightful place in Egyptian chronology a...

Do you know who the ancient Egyptian god of the underworld is? What type of mask would an embalmer wear whilst carrying out the mummification process on a body? Who was the most successful of all the pharaohs? All these questions and more are answered in this fascinating easy-to-read guide to ancient Egypt. Whether you are studying the subject and need access to the important information fast, or you are just interested in this fascinating period of history, this excellent quick-read guide...

"Written by the greatest living Egyptologist, this wonderful, fun, and short book will take you inside the heads of the ancient Egyptians."—Sarah Parcak, National GeographicEgyptian culture is divided from us by several millennia, a lost people and a dead language. We can discover much about this fascinating civilization from its physical remains, but perhaps the greatest insights into the Egyptian mind come from Egyptian hieroglyphs. They reveal the prior...

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This book is a comprehensive up-to-date survey of the Aegean Bronze Age, from its beginnings to the period following the collapse of the Mycenaean palace system. In essays by leading authorities commissioned especially for this volume, it covers the history and the material culture of Crete, Greece, and the Aegean Islands from c.3000–1100 BCE, as well as topics such as trade, religions, and economic administration. Intended as a reliable, readable introduction for university students, it w...