Observations indicate that everything spins. In this page I consider classical ideas of planetary, galactic and atomic rotations (orbits and spins). What is dark matter and can galaxies have quantized orbits? I speculate that dark matter can be explained by assuming a galaxy spins like a solid body and that some high spin rate objects (black holes, neutron stars) might have quantized orbits.

The Observed Universe contains data at low relativistic speeds. Doppler theory says beyond that point, in the non Observed Universe, the relativistic effect deviates from Hubble's law and distance becomes infinite as speed approaches the speed of light.The Observed Universe extends to a radius of about 700 Mps and speed about a tenth of the speed of light. Doppler theory lengthens the light originating from receding matter to optical levels via redshift. Nothing is seen in the non Observed...

Cosmic Ladder distance measurements establish the linearity of Hubble's law out to a distance of about 13 bly. However, even with mitigating facts, beyond 13 bly we do not know if the Hubble law line rate increases or decreases beyond its linear line rate, to thereby know if the universe accelerates or decelerates its expansion.The Big Bang theory is an ad hoc theory based on complex mathematics of General Relativity, a theoretical model of an explosion of matter creating the Cosmi...

In this short book Fermat's Last Theorem is easily proven and Beals Conjecture is easily Disprovenusing Pythagora's Theorem

How well do Newton's and Einstein's theories explain Kepler's observations of planetary orbits? Do Newton's laws of motion apply in Newton's gravitation? Are Kepler's Newton's and Einstein's laws universal? Does Einstein's theory replace Newton's theory?Newton's laws of motion and gravitation admit fictional centrifugal forces in angular motions and, with such fictional forces, Newton's law of gravitation acting radially predicts all types of conical orbits including Kepler's laws. ...

Is the universe and cosmos mostly designed out of diversity or unity? Clearly, the universe is made up of similar galaxies and dissimilar radiation. But is it a single universe composed of many objects or is it just many objects having different properties? Since we cannot observe the universe, what is our concept of it? Here, the problem is to find a One or Many concept of the universe. While some cosmic theories are "one" (unity), others are "many" (diversity). The Big Bang theory predom...

Global food supply F drives global population to some asymptotic value presently estimated at about Po=10 billion people, assuming F does not exceed the maximum food supply Fmax. And, global environmental effects drive global population downward from the 10 billion estimate. Thus, if an asymptotic population Po cannot exist beyond the present 7 billion population supported by F then global environmental effects will collapse the human species even if F

Throughout history, there always has been tension between government and governed. Tension exhibits and change begins with a widespread "desire for change" from discontented people who feel powerless and who also have no confidence in existing culture or traditions. Price and environmental protests are people's desire for change. Competition for consumption of resources by the geometrical increase in global population is the underlying cause for price protests. The geometrical increase in ...

In redshift, the wavelength and time of wave change. Does the speed of light change? Locally and at the source, relativistic theories are amply determined and thus confirmed. In cosmology, however, relativistic theories assert that c = co without proof determined at the source. The Doppler effect leaves open the possibility that in cosmology relativistic theories are inapplicable.

When light spectra from distant sources are examined, they are found to be shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. What explains the redshift observations? There are two main theories, the Doppler and Gravitational theories, that seek to explain why observed redshifts occur, as discovered and illustrated in a graph called Hubble's Law. Doppler theory claims redshift may occur if the source recedes at speed v. Thus, if galaxies recede the universe expands. Gravitational theory claims th...

Comparing observation and the Big Bang theory, observation tells us that the early universe, over a period of about 3.3 bly, consisted of radiation which later evolved into the galactic system we observe today. The Big Bang theory tells us that the early universe began about 15 bly ago as an initial expansion from nothing forming subatomic particles which lasted for a short time, fewer than 0.4 bly and later evolved into the present system.Based on Hubble’s linear law v=Hr, space ex...

Proof that Beal And Fermat Triplets Cannot Exist. This is a single page proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and Beal's conjecture in terms of Euclid's formulas for triplets.