In these essays, Andrew Cunningham is concerned with issues of identity - what was the identity of topics, disciplines, arguments, diseases in the past, and whether they are identical with (more usually, how they are not identical with) topics, disciplines, arguments or diseases in the present. Historians usually tend to assume such continuous identities of present attitudes and activities with past ones, and rarely question them; the contention here is that this gives us a false image of ...

This major new Radio 4 series charts the development of Western medicine and healing from the ancient Greeks to the pioneering organ transplant operations of the 20th Century and beyond. ‘The Making of Modern Medicine’ covers over 2000 years of medical history and draws on a vast range of original sources from diaries, medical journals and stage satires to shed light on the experiences of physicians, surgeons, nurses and patients. From classical beliefs about illness that would dominate me...

This book presents a new interpretation of how and why the discovery of the circulation of the blood in animals was made. It has long been known that the English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) was a follower of Aristotle, but his most strikingly ‘modern’ and original discovery – of the circulation of the blood – resulted from Harvey following Aristotle’s ancient programme of investigation into animals. This is a new reading of the most important discovery ever made in anatomy by one ...

Admiral Andrew Cunningham, best remembered for his courageous leadership in the Mediterranean in the Second World War, is often rated as our finest naval commander after Nelson, and indeed a bust of the Admiral was unveiled in Trafalgar Square close by his predecessor in 1967 by the Duke of Edinburgh. It was during the dark days of 1940–41, after the surrender of France and Italy's entry into the War and when Britain was fighting single-handed, that Cunningham held the Eastern Mediterranea...

The Enlightenment period, here understood as covering the years 1650 to 1789, is usually considered to be a period when religion was obliged to give way to rationality. With respect to medicine this means that the religious elements in the treatment and interpretation of diseases to all intents and purposes disappeared. However, there are growing indications in recent scholarship that this may well be an overstatement. Indeed it appears that religion retained many of its customary relation...

International Humanitarian NGOs and State Relations: Politics, Principles and Identity examines the often discordant relationship between states and international non-governmental organisations working in the humanitarian sector. INGOs aiming to provide assistance to populations suffering from the consequences of conflicts and other human-made disasters work in the midst of very politically sensitive local dynamics. The involvement of these non-political international actors can be ...

IS SHE THE GAME’S LAST BOSS?! Though she doesn’t play many MMOs, Maple has either a natural talent or impossibly good luck, because by pouring every last stat point she has into Vitality, she’s created a character who can’t be hurt! Whether it’s physical attacks or magic or status effects, nothing poses a real threat. In no time at all, news spreads across the server about the adorable terror who can’t be defeated. While Maple may just be having fun, her broken build is sure to attract lot...

Togawa leaves our world behind, following Matsubue into the Meikai. There, they encounter a mystery Spiral once worshiped by the ancients. It offers them new, happier lives--or death. Will they ever return to the world from whence they came

Still feeling a bit sad for Sally, who missed out on the sixth layer, Maple proposes they try something fun for the seventh event. It'll be just the two of them, aiming to complete a no damage run with the odds against them and the difficulty set to max. What could possibly go wrong?

HUNT SEA MONSTERS? THEY’VE GOT OTHER PLANS!The ninth event is here, and the entire player base must work together to defeat enough aquatic monsters before time is up. Maple Tree is so powerful they sweep the battlefield with little trouble. Other than Iz, who’s after limited-edition crafting materials, the guild members aren’t really invested in an event that’s not challenging or competitive. Instead, they spend their time searching for rare monsters and bosses or scouting out other guilds...

Sunken ships, lost treasure, and underwater adventure!Maple Tree arrives on the eighth stratum to find a whole new world under the sea. They’ll have to dive deep to explore and master fighting in the water. Maple’s defense build isn’t designed for the speed and agility required to swim, but she’ll find a way! Thankfully, Sally’s already a skilled swimmer. With her help, the rest of the guild heads out to find what awaits them on the ocean floor—and what lurks in the dark depths...

IF IT’S MAPLE TREE, EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED, UNLIKELY, AND UNTHINKABLE!Finally, the long-awaited tenth event begins! Maple Tree and the Order of the Holy Sword form an alliance, but they are up against Flame Empire, Thunder Storm, and Rapid Fire. With some of the strongest—and craziest—guilds teaming up, an epic battle is inevitable. However, with first-rate players on both sides, the combat comes to a standstill. To break the stalemate, Pain spearheads an all-out assault, and Sally hatches ...