Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) consists of computer applications for creating images in art, video games and 3D animation. These images consist of 2 dimensional arrays of pixels (picture elements), such as 1kx1k pixels for example. When images are computed using a single sample per pixel, they show aliasing artifacts such as stairsteps on feature edges (jaggies). Aliasing artifacts can be minimized by applying Anti-Aliasing (AA) techniques, such as Multi-Sample AA (MSAA). With MSAA, seve...

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) consists of computer applications for creating images in art, printed media, video games, simulators and computer animation. These images consist of 2 dimensional arrays of pixels (picture elements). When images are computed using a single sample per pixels, they show aliasing artifacts such as stairsteps on feature edges (jaggies). In dynamic scenes, aliasing artifacts are amplified, resulting in edge crawling, line breaking and small features popping in-a...

Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) consists of computer applications for creating images in art, printed media, video games, simulators and computer animation. These images consist of 2 dimensional arrays of pixels (picture elements). When images are computed using a single sample point per pixels, they show aliasing artifacts such as stairsteps on feature edges (jaggies). In dynamic scenes, aliasing artifacts are amplified, resulting in edge crawling, line breaking and small features poppin...

Understanding of the pathology and causation of anorectal diseases is constantly increasing. This has led to changes in how treatment is cho sen. There is almost no anorectal condition for which some new thera peutic approach has not been recently tried, and several of these do not involve surgery at all. In any developing field it is important to maintain contact with change. Surgery of Anorectal Diseases does this in abundance by its very breadth and by the detailed and up-to-date manner...

This book is an ideal introduction to the use of radiology in imaging diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary system, pancreas, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. Each of the ten chapters is devoted to a particular organ and contains ten illustrated case reports drawn from clinical practice. Common clinical situations and indications for imaging are reviewed, and clear descriptions are provided of the various imaging techniques that will assist in resolving diagnostic and therapeut...

While MRI has proved itself to be an excellent diagnostic noninvasive modality for imaging of the brain, medulla, and musculoskeletal system due to its high intrinsic con trast resolution and tissue characterisation potential based on the judicious application of specific sequences, this has not been the case in the abdomen and pelvis. The reasons are the long exposure time and the lower spatial resolution, inherent to MRI. However, during recent years considerable process has been achieve...

This monograph deals primarily with the kidneys, ureters, and urinary blad der. The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures that parallel the psoas muscle. The left kidney is usually slightly higher than the right and is slightly more medially located. The vertical axis of the kidneys, when compared with the midline, is about 20°. There is often considerable mobility of the kidneys as a result of respiration and body position. Several centimeters of excursion have been demonstrated on deep ...

Both the investigation and treatment of cancer of the oesophagus are comprehensively presented in Management of Oesophageal Carcinoma. This information is otherwise not easily available in one source. The chapters are written by experts in the fields of anatomy, cancer research, radiology, and thoracic surgery and give up-to-date information on this difficult disease. All aspects are covered: anatomy, epidemiology, endoscopic and radiologic diagnosis, pat...

This volume, which explains why, when, and how abdominal MRI should be used, focuses in particular on the most recent developments in the field. After introductory chapters on technical considerations, protocol optimization, and contrast agents, MRI of the various solid and hollow viscera of the abdomen is addressed in a series of detailed chapters. Relevant clinical information is provided, and state of the art protocols presented. With the help of numerous high-quality illustrations, nor...

Diagnosis of benign liver tumors is experiencing exponential growth, mainly owing to the diffusion of more accurate imaging techniques. This monograph examines the epidemiology, histopathology and genetics of these tumors and provides a systematic overview of their evolution and differential diagnosis. Care is taken to document surgical indications accurately, with a view to assisting in the avoidance of useless interventions. Open, laparoscopic and robotic surgical techniques are describe...

Following an outline of the technology involved in preparing casts and the types of casts made, this atlas devotes a whole section to three blood vessel systems as well as the biliary system. Apart from normal anatomy, it presents all other major structural variations together with the liver blood vessel structures and bile ducts of each liver segment. The last section shows correlations between systems as well as the division of the liver into sectors and segments. The different systems w...