This book provides an overview of multiple aspects of spatial language understanding and explores recent trends of modeling based on very large foundational models and their applications. The authors address the following five main themes: spatial semantic representations in both symbolic and sub-symbolic spaces; spatial information extraction computational models; reasoning over spatial language; commonsense spatial understanding; and multiple modern and state-of-the-art downstream applic...

This handbook offers a thorough treatment of the science of linguistic annotation. Leaders in the field guide the reader through the process of modeling, creating an annotation language, building a corpus and evaluating it for correctness. Essential reading for both computer scientists and linguistic researchers.Linguistic annotation is an increasingly important activity in the field of computational linguistics because of its critical role in the development of language models for...

Create your own natural language training corpus for machine learning. Whether you’re working with English, Chinese, or any other natural language, this hands-on book guides you through a proven annotation development cycle—the process of adding metadata to your training corpus to help ML algorithms work more efficiently. You don’t need any programming or linguistics experience to get started.Using detailed examples at every step, you’ll learn how the MATTER Annotation Developm...

This collection of papers takes linguists to the leading edge of techniques in generative lexicon theory, the linguistic composition methodology that arose from the imperative to provide a compositional semantics for the contextual modifications in meaning that emerge in real linguistic usage. Today’s growing shift towards distributed compositional analyses evinces the applicability of GL theory, and the contributions to this volume, presented at three international workshops (GL-2003, GL-...

Multilingual Natural Language Processing Applications is the first comprehensive single-source guide to building robust and accurate multilingual NLP systems. Edited by two leading experts, it integrates cutting-edge advances with practical solutions drawn from extensive field experience.Part I introduces the core concepts and theoretical foundations of modern multilingual natural language processing, presenting today’s best practices for understanding wor...

This book presents latest research developments in the area of functional programming. The contributions in this volume cover a wide range of topics from theory, formal aspects of functional programming, transformational and generic programming to type checking and designing new classes of data types.Not all papers in this book belong to the category of research papers. Also, the categories of project description (at the start of a project) and project evaluation (at the end of a p...

Ontologies tend to be found everywhere. They are viewed as the silver bullet for many applications, such as database integration, peer-to-peer systems, e-commerce, semantic web services, or social networks. However, in open or evolving systems, such as the semantic web, different parties would, in general, adopt different ontologies. Thus, merely using ontologies, like using XML, does not reduce heterogeneity: it just raises heterogeneity problems to a higher level.Euzenat and Shva...

Presents the state of the technology and points to future directions for semantic computingSemantic computing, a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field, seeks to structure, design, and manipulate computer content to better satisfy the needs and intentions of users and create a more meaningful user experience. This remarkable contributed work examines the art, engineering, technology, and applications of the field. Moreover, it brings together researchers from suc...

This volume contains some lecture notes of the 12th Reasoning Web Summer School (RW 2016), held in Aberdeen, UK, in September 2016.In 2016, the theme of the school was “Logical Foundation of Knowledge Graph Construction and Query Answering”. The notion of knowledge graph has become popular since Google started to use it to improve its search engine in 2012. Inspired by the success of Google, knowledge graphs are gaining momentum in the World Wide Web arena. Recent years have witnes...

This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third Joint International Semantic Technology Conference, JIST 2013, held in Seoul, South Korea, in November 2013.The 32 papers, included four tutorials and 5 workshop papers, in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The contributions are organized in topical sections on semantic Web services, multilingual issues, biomedical applications, ontology construction, semantic reasoning, semantic search and ...

This volume contains the lecture notes of the 11th Reasoning Web Summer School 2015, held in Berlin, Germany, in July/August 2015.In 2015, the theme of the school was Web Logic Rules. This Summer School is devoted to this perspective, and provides insight into the semantic Web, linked data, ontologies, rules, and logic.

The World Wide Web constitutes the largest existing source of texts written in a great variety of languages. A feasible and sound way of exploiting this data for linguistic research is to compile a static corpus for a given language. There are several adavantages of this approach: (i) Working with such corpora obviates the problems encountered when using Internet search engines in quantitative linguistic research (such as non-transparent ranking algorithms). (ii) Creating a corpus from web...