This fascinating book explores the role of public and private external innovation in enhancing the creation of scientific knowledge. Albert Link explores how external knowledge innovation leads to the creation of scientific knowledge, which in turn results in the spillover of scientific knowledge into society.Link evaluates empirical information from knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms as well as smaller firms that received research funding through small business innovation r...

There is a conspicuous void of analyses about the economic and policy analysis of heart disease research funding in the United States and in other countries. This book discusses the economic and policy dimensions of heart disease research—the leading cause of death in the United States and globally—and it provides a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the primary US funding agency for heart disease research, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) within the US Nat...

This book presents an in-depth investigation into small business research activity supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Albert N. Link and Alan C. O’Connor explain the historical importance of small firms to the NIH and conduct insightful analysis of the Institutes and Centers funded through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program.Exploring prominent Institutes within the NIH and using data from the SBIR program, they discuss innovation and socia...

This essential book examines the history, trends and institutional nature of federal investments in research and development (R&D) in the United States. Esteemed expert in the field, Albert N. Link charts unexplored topics and issues associated with the role of public sector R&D in influencing economic growth.Rich in econometric data, this book traces the history of federal R&D investments. Chapters outline how the institutional nature of federal R&D investments includes the resear...

The relationship between the innovative behavior and the minority status, gender, and immigration status of, for example, owners, directors, principal investigators, and project managers has only begun to be explored, especially within and among entrepreneurial organizations. Data limitations are certainly one culprit for the paucity of research in this area, but also the economics literature has been slow to move from a technical capital (i.e., investments in R&D) to an innovative behavio...

Metrology is the study of measurement science. Although classical economists have emphasized the importance of measurement per se, the majority of economics-based writings on the topic have taken the form of government reports related to the activities of specific national metrology laboratories. This book is the first systematic study of measurement activity at a national metrology laboratory, and the laboratory studied is the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (...

In light of a history of legislative actions in the United States to encourage collaborative R&D, this book characterizes U.S. collaborative R&D through the eyes of the National Research Joint Venture Database.Facilitating a fresh statistical look at collaborative R&D as a purposive strategy in the light of existing public policies, this book also provides a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of those attendant policies. Through an original project-based micro database, the a...

Government acts as entrepreneur when its involvement in market activities is both innovative and characterized by entrepreneurial risk. Thinking of government as entrepreneur is a unique lens through which the authors of this book examine a specific subset of U.S. government policy actions. As such, their viewpoint underscores the purposeful intent of government, its ability to act in new and innovative ways, and its willingness to undertake policy actions that have uncertain outcomes. Vie...

In order to understand collaborative research activity in the United States, it is important to understand the contextual environment in which firms pursue a collaborative research strategy. The U.S. environment for formal collaborative research was established through a number of policy initiatives promulgated in the 1980s in response to the widespread productivity slowdown throughout industry that began in the early 1970s and then intensified in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These init...

This volume examines the involvement of minority- or women-owned businesses in technology-based research, with particular focus on the differences in research outcomes in achieving commercialization. Specifically, the authors empirically investigate the correlation between technologies from projects funded through the Phase II Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program and the minority or gender demographics of the owners of the businesses conducting the research. This study offers ...

Technology Transfer and US Public Sector Innovation provides an overview of US technology policies that are the genesis for observed technology transfer activities. By describing the technology transfer process from US federal laboratories and other public sector organizations, this exploration informs the reader in detail of how the transfer process behaves and the social benefits associated with it.Empirical information and evidence are presented on myriad forms of techn...

This volume brings together eminent international scholars to discuss and analyze regional and national technology and innovation policies from an economic assessment or economic impacts perspective. The analysis covers policies relevant to countries in Europe and Asia, and the United States.Not only might this volume initiate further study of technology and innovation policies, on a country-by-country basis, but also it might open doors for comparative policy analysis. This book w...